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Hydraulic pump cavitation is a critical issue that can lead to serious damage in heavy-duty fluid power systems. Understanding how to troubleshoot this problem is essential for maintaining the efficiency and longevity of hydraulic equipment. In this article, we will explore the causes, signs, and solutions for hydraulic pump cavitation.
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Cavitation occurs when the pressure of the hydraulic fluid drops below its vapor pressure, causing the fluid to vaporize and form bubbles. These bubbles can collapse violently when they travel into higher pressure areas, leading to pitting, wear, and ultimately, pump failure.
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Causes of Cavitation
Low Fluid Levels: Insufficient hydraulic fluid can lead to a drop in pressure at the pump inlet, increasing the risk of cavitation. Ensure that the hydraulic tank is full and that fluid levels are regularly monitored.
High Fluid Temperature: Increased temperatures can lower the viscosity of the hydraulic fluid, making it easier for cavitation to occur. Monitor operating temperatures and consider installing cooling systems if temperatures exceed the recommended limits.
Inadequate Pump Sizing: Using a pump that is too small for the application can create excessive flow restrictions, resulting in low inlet pressure. Consult with a hydraulic engineer to ensure proper pump sizing for your specific application.
Poor System Design: Long or narrow inlet piping can cause significant pressure drops. Make sure the hydraulic system is designed with adequately sized pipes and minimal bends to maintain proper flow.
Contaminated Fluid: Contaminants can increase fluid viscosity and affect the hydraulic system’s performance. Implement regular fluid filtration and maintenance to ensure that the hydraulic fluid remains clean.
Signs of Cavitation
Unusual Noise: Cavitation often produces a characteristic “gravel” or “marbles” sound within the hydraulic pump, indicating that vapor bubbles are forming and collapsing.
Reduced Performance: A noticeable drop in the system’s operating efficiency or power output can be a sign of impending cavitation.

